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Treaty of Kars : ウィキペディア英語版 | Treaty of Kars
The Treaty of Kars ((アルメニア語:Կարսի պայմանագիր), (アゼルバイジャン語:Qars müqaviləsi), (グルジア語:ყარსის ხელშეკრულება), (トルコ語:Kars Antlaşması), (ロシア語:Карсский договор / ''Karskiy dogovor'')) was a controversial treaty signed in Kars on October 13, 1921〔 and ratified in Yerevan on September 11, 1922.〔 Signatories included representatives from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which in 1923 would declare the Republic of Turkey, and also from the future Soviet Armenia, Soviet Azerbaijan, and Soviet Georgia, all of which formed part of the Soviet Union after the Red Army invasion of Georgia and the December 1922 Union Treaty with the participation of Bolshevist Russia.〔 (Text of the Treaty of Kars )〕〔(English translation of the Treaty of Kars )〕 It was a successor treaty to the earlier Treaty of Moscow of March 1921 and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk marking Russia's exit from World War I, and established contemporary borders between Turkey and the South Caucasus states. Most of the territories ceded to Turkey in the treaty were acquired by Imperial Russia from the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The only exception was the Surmali region, which had been annexed by Russia in the Treaty of Turkmenchay after the last Russo-Persian War with Iran. == Signatories ==
The treaty was signed by the Turkish Provisional Government Representative General Kâzım Karabekir, MP and Commander of Eastern Front Veli Bey, MP Mouhtar Bey, and Ambassador Memduh Şevket Pasha, Russian Ambassador Yakov Ganetsky, Armenian Minister of Foreign Affairs Askanaz Mravian and Minister of Interior Poghos Makintsian, Azerbaijani Minister of State Control Behboud Shahtahtinsky, and Georgian Minister of Military and Naval Affairs Shalva Eliava and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Financial Affairs Alexander Svanidze.〔
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